Nucleus
The nucleus has a double layered covering called nuclear membrane. The nuclear membrane has pores which allow the transfer of material from inside the nucleus to its outside, that is, to the cytoplasm. The nucleus contains chromosomes, which are visible as rod-shaped structures only when the cell is about to divide.
Chromosomes contain information for inheritance of features from parents to next to next generation in the form of DNA (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) molecules. Chromosomes are composed of DNA and protein. DNA molecules contain the information necessary for constructing and organising cells. Functional segments of DNA are called genes. In a cell which is not dividing, this DNA is present as part of chromatin material. Chromatin material is visible as entangled mass of thread like structures. Whenever the cell is about to divide, the chromatin material gets organised into chromosomes.
The nucleus plays a central role in cellular reproduction, the process by which a single cell divides and forms two new cells. It also plays a crucial part, along with the environment, in determining the way the cell will develop and what form it will exhibit at maturity, by directing the chemical activities of the cell.
In some organisms like bacteria, the nuclear region of the cell may be poorly defined due to the absence of a nuclear membrane. Such an undefined nuclear region containing only nucleic acids is called a nucleoid.
Prokaryotes:-
Such organisms, whose cells lack a nuclear membrane, are called prokaryotes (pro= primitive or primary; karyote = karyon = nucleus).
Eukaryotes:-
Organisms with cells having a nuclear membrane are called eukaryotes.
Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:-
| Prokaryotes | Eukaryotes |
| Cells of organism lacks nuclear membrane. | Cells of organism have nuclear membrane. |
| Single chromosomes. | Single or multi chromosomes. |
| Reproduction is always asexual. | Reproduction is both sexual and asexual. |
| Always unicellular. | Often multicellular. |
| Membrane bound cell organelles absent. | Membrane bound organelles are present like mitochondria |
| Cell division is by binary fission. | Cell division is by mitosis or meiosis. |
| Centriole is absent. | Centriole is present only in animals. |
| Size: generally small ( 1 -10 μm) 1 μm=10-6m | Size : generally large (5=100 μm) |
| Ex-Bacteria, Blue green algae, etc. | Ex- Fungi, plant cell, Animal cell etc. |
Fig:- It shows the difference between the prokaryotic cell and Eukaryotic cell.
